Multimedia

CAREERS IN MULTIMEDIA

2007-10-20T20:22:00.000-07:00

Multimedia Artist

A multimedia developer draws on the skills of the computer programmer and the visual artist to integrate graphics, text, and digital audio and video with interactivity. Multimedia is all about team working - and the ability to understand the differing needs and backgrounds of colleagues. Computer literacy - and a serious interest in the constant developments in technology give a necessary 'core' of ability for potential multimedia artists. Different jobs will all have specific requirements -- and the requirements may change as a project develops.

Over view

PRINT MEDIA
Graphic Designer
Layout artist
Design Consultant
Pasting Artist

WEB MEDIA
Web Administrator
Web Designer
Layout Designer
Page Developer
Producer
Site Developer
Specialist
Webmaster
Web animator

CD AUTHORING
Author
Authoring Specialist
Developer Specialist
Producer
Production Assistant
Programmer
Streaming Media Specialist
Virtual Reality Specialist

2D ANIMATION
Art Director
Key animator
In betweens
Layout artist
Visualizer
Background Artist

3D ANIMATION
3D animator
Visualizer
Art Director
Background artist
Character Designer
Key Frame animator
Character animator

BROAD CASTING & ENTERTAINMENT
Special effects Director
Art director
Camera specialist
Visualizer
Sound artist
Mixing artist
Video editor

3D animation

2007-10-16T10:29:00.000-07:00

3D ANIMATIONS

In 2d animation 50% of work is done by the artist himself. Computer
comes to the scene in the last sections only. But in 3d the artist becomes
a technician. I.e. the all work of the artist is done by 3d software's. We just
define first and last position of the object for animation. In between frames
are created automatically by software using a technique called tweening. Here
we will give you the important applications& process of 3d animation

3D TITLING
Now a day 2d titles are being replaced by 3d titles. It became
attractive because it can be viewed at any angle. Today most
of the titles appearing in visual media are developed in 3d
software’s. 3d studio max like sw’s are used for this purpose.
Creativity is essential to succeed in this field.

WALK THROUGH
A walk through is a very useful applications in 3d animation. To
construct a building first visualize the building using 3d software
and then make the actual construction. There are several types of
virtual cameras available in 3d software and they are moved like

normal digital cameras by observing this we can rework or modify
the plan of particular building before actual construction.
AutoCAD and 3ds max are the main software used for this purpose

3D MODELING
In 2d animation the artist himself does 50% of work; computer comes
to the scene in the last sections only. But in 3d the artist became a
technician. I.e. the half of the work of the artist is done by 3d
software’s. We just define first and last position of the object
(known as key frames), in between frames are created automatically
by software using a technique called tweening.

Final out put of the 3D model

3D WIRE MESH CREATION
3d animation begins with the creation of wire mesh of a object or
character. This is called skeleton a little modeling knowledge
is essential for this mesh creation. After creating this mesh object
get a 3d dimension look. At this time we will be in a position to
see the object at any angle of vision (dimension)
................................

Wire mesh of 3D model

GIVING MATERIAL
The next work is giving material or texture to the mesh of object.
This is depends up on the type and nature of that object. We can
create a suitable material for the object using the software like
Photoshop. At present 3d soft wares area accomplish by large number
of digital libraries. The artist can also make material design according
to his pleasure.
.................................

3D model before Appling material
GIVING LIGHT AND SHADE
On of the most important feature of 3d software that differ from others
is its capability to give a 3d dimensional approach in 2d interface, with
the help of light and sound 3d soft wares give different types of lighting
facilities for giving shadows and light. Technique is also used to give
different colors to light and to give variations in frequency length.

ANIMATIONS

The next work is giving required movements to the object in the
wire mesh. Here techniques need to give directions only to the
key frames. The frames in between 2 key frames are created
by tweening technique. Now days several types are software
are available for arrangements of key frames. They are inverse
kinetics dynamics and particle systems

MOTION CAPTURE
This is a wonderful technique of giving life to the objects in the
wire mesh. This is achieved using an electronic device connected
with a computer. By capturing the movements of the computer
capturing the movements of the man and other objects in to
the model this is known as Motion Capture. The main feature
of this motion capture is we can give originality to the movements
to the models we created. Today Motion Capture technique is widely used in 3d animation films.

CAMERA MOVEMENTS
Several types of virtual cameras are available in 3d soft wares
and are far better than original movie cameras. The positions of the
objects are arranged with the help of these cameras. Virtual cameras
in the animation soft wares can be moved according to the movements
of the objects like ordinary camera used in the location. The movements
and viewing position of the animated objects will be same as the
movements and position of the objects seen through the eyes of
an ordinary camera. After these process animated characters are
rendered in a powerful system and make publish

SOFTWARES
Discreet 3ds max and Alias wave fronts Maya® is the most popular 3d
soft wares used for 3d animation.

3DSMAX
Autodesk(discreet) 3ds max is the most famous 3d soft wares used
for animation, modeling and rendering. This software is introducing
by AutoDesk. At the beginning this was a dos-based application and
AutoDesk formed new company called 'kinetics' and they introduce
a window based application known as 3dstudio max and (3ds max).
The name 'kinetics' was renames as discreet and known as 3dsmax.
To day comparing to the other soft wares max is the most suitable
interface for beginners and powerful 3d authoring sw for modeling
texturing animation.
MAYA
The world's another powerful 3D animation and visual effects software is
Alias wave fronts Maya®. Experience industry-leading innovations for
the creation of advanced digital content, Maya includes all of the
integrated tools and functionality like other 3d software's. Huge plug-in
and material library is the key feature of Maya. And it is capable of
supporting high end animation

CD authoring

2007-10-16T10:21:00.000-07:00

To day another important media in multi- media is CD presentation/Authoring. With the help of computer graphics CD presentations has to play a very good role in visual media.

They are two types of CD Authoring

Non interactive CD Presentations
Actually it is the new form of traditional VHS presentation. In earlier days it given a brief description of products of the companies to the customers. It is just like seeing an ordinary video. But multimedia technology created a revolution in the field of presentations. To day non-interactive CD ROMs are developed by multinational companies for their product demonstration, Educational training etc. Our traditional prospects are now transformed to Digital prospects and job seekers convert their bio data to digital portfolios for high-level interviews. . CD presentation is also helpful in giving training to marketing executitives

Interactive CD Presentations
The main draw back of non-interactive CD presentation is that it may not give any freedom to the customers for interaction. But in the case of interactive CD presentation the customer has full freedom to select choice from menu. (Similar to web site navigation). EG: CD ROMs along with the magsenze like chip, digit, overdrive…etc

Software

In the case of non-interactive CD’s several soft wares are available in the market. But in the case of non-interactive presentation the popular software used in the industry is Macromedia Director. This the first multimedia software created for presentation purpose. Started in 1988 now it reach the version Director MX 2004. The main feature of director is that a powerful scripting language known as LINGO SCRIPTING accompanies it. Using this script the user can interacts virtual products. This is technology is known as Shockwave

This is one of the powerful features of macromedia director. i.e. we can give dynamic interactivity to 3d models that are created in 3d software such as 3dsmax or Maya. Export these models to a specific format known as (*.w3d) and this format is capable of carrying the important 3d feature such as animation, biped, bones, light, texture, and camera. We can import w3d files in to director. Using lingo script we can give interactivity and publish as shockwave. Macromedia shockwave player (getting free from macromedia site) is necessary for viewing the published file in your web browser. This is a high-end technology used in Ecommerce. For more details visit the website http://www.macromedia.com/director

Animation media. 2D animation

2007-10-16T10:15:00.000-07:00

ANIMATION
The word "ANIMATION" means creating movements to a still object. The actual trick, behind the animation is persistence of vision. (i.e. keep image of an object in our retina in 1/16 sec). The movements of the object is divided into 15,20,30 frames like the movements of a real object. In TV it is 25-30 fps and in film it is 24 fps. The changes in frame make us a feeling that the object is moving. Generally animation is divided into cartoon animation, web animation, and 3d animation.
Animation industry a section of IT has a turnover of over 4100 cores and much of the profit comes from computer graphics and character animation sections. It is predicted that this profit will rice to 5000 cores in 2005and 10,000 cores in 2008. Experts believe that out of the one lakes opportunities to be created in IT in 2008 much of them would be from animation section.

We can classify the computer animation in to three namely 2D , 3D AND WEB animation

2d animation
The special feature of cartoon animation is its extra ordinary movements of character. Through the cartoon animation was the main part of visual media before the arrival of multimedia, its method was very complicated and expensive, each and every movements of the character were drawn and recorded in the film, or tape as the rate of 15 fps. When this was played we can see the movements of the objects to which animation was given. Here the artist himself did all works.

With the arrival of the multimedia the work of the artist is limited to drawing sketches only. The artist is needed only to give a registration sign (position info) in the frame. The sketches draw in the way are copied in the hard disk and painted in the computer with the help of special software’s. Making necessary changes, increasing and decreasing of the speed of movements, checking of visual jerking etc, are done with the help of these animation software’s.

After making the character sketch the next step is the drawing of the background. The angle of vision of animated objects the background should be same. More than one character with different types of background and various types of frames are complied in the frame using the technique called layering. After background composition the movie is checked and make some final re-touches and this is transferred to video files. This process are easily done with animation software., Example US-animo, flash.....2d animation is the most costly sections of animation. People with a good drawing skill have get more chances.

2D ANIMATION has the different process namely Pre-Production, Production and post production

Pre-production

STORY IDEA
This is the first step of animation process. The story of an animation picture is formed through collective discussion. Since most of the viewers are children, the story will also related to them.

STORY BIBLE
The theme and time of the story, materials used in the story are described in detail in words. Along with the figure of the character, their contact, personality, position in the story and their relation ship with other character. The story bible is treated as the reference book of entire movie.

SCRIPT WRITING
Most script follows the same format in the animation industry. I.e. main points, structure, characterization and dialog. These are written under the guidance of animation director.

Character designing
The artist draws sketches of the character as per the description given in the story bible. This is known as character designing. Comparing to traditional drawings character design is done using construction method (circles and rectangles are used to make figures in this method). This method helps keep same structure of a character that is drawn by other artists.

STYLE DESIGN
Style design is another reference of style & structure of character & structure. Example suppose we draw a tree in background, we must keep this style through out the movie, similarly others
STORY BOARD
Creation of storyboard is the next step of animation process. Storyboard is planning your shoot with drawings of how each scene will look. It helps you to imagine how your finished animation will look. A good storyboard will save your time while animating.

-pre-production ends here-

PRODUCTION
Production process begins with layouts, background designing, animation, cleanups and in betweens, animation checking etc. Light box is the most important equipment used in the production process. The artist draws sketches using light box.

LAYOUT DESIGNING
The layout artist does the work of a camera man and art director in a cinema. Layout artist separates the character and background in each frame in a storyboard and places in appropriate position. He has a good knowledge about perspective and composition. He also arranges the character and background layout, speed & movements of camera etc.

After layout designing production process is divided into two. Character layouts are moved into animation departments and background Layouts are moved into background sections

BACKGROUND DEPARTMENT

The backgrounds of the animation movie are created from these sections. Watercolor or other painted is used in traditional way. Software like Photoshop is used now a day to make the picture attractive.

ANIMATION DEPARTMENT
The actual animation process takes place from here. Animators of animation departments give the movements to the characters and objects according to the layouts. They animate the characters based on the direction prepared in the X-sheet by animation director. Character movements, camera movements, Mouth- expression of the characters will be recorded in the X-sheet.

.
• ……………Animators are helped by assistant animators (i.e. cleanup artist) and they are helped by in between artist. The cleanups artist draws the cleanup poses and in between artist draws the poses in- between them. The key animation makes note of the number and position, speed of the character in the animation tape.

• ……..Animation is checked by different steps by animation checking departments. The quality of the animation is decided from here. Character models, movements & expressions are exposed from here. if mistakes are found they are send to retake.

POST-PRODUCTION
The actual role of computer in animation process comes only from this section. Scanning, composting, editing, beta conversion are come under postproduction section.

Scanning:
Layouts are scanned using a scanner and copied to computer Hard disk.

Composting:
Mixing different scenes in to one (Eg: Characters are mixed in backgrounds scenes)

Editing:
cutting the unwanted scenes, mixing audio, creating titles fixing the length is come under this section

Audio and efects
Suitable sounds and effects are mixed in an alternative way.

Beta conversion:
The last step for animation is Beta conversion. I.e. convert the movie in to beta tapes for publish.
And with these process animation movie is completed.

Software : US.ANIMO,Tonboom, macromedia flash etc

History of Web Media

2007-10-16T10:10:00.000-07:00

Introduction

The history of Internet started with APRANET In mid1960s. At the time of cold war a few scientists wanted to share files among people working on similar projects. In September 1969 the university of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), the Stanford Research institute (SRI), the university of California, Santa Barbara (USCB) and the university of Utah were connected using 500 kbps leased lines and this network is called ARPANET (Advanced Research projects Agency of the united states department of defense). Although the original aim of this research was military, it was soon as used for other purpose. other universities, research and commercial organizations soon began to use this technology to create their own networks. some of this networks then connected to the ARPANET using TCP/IP protocols.

The number of networks machines and users connected to the ARPANET grew rapidly after TCP/IP the arrival of protocol. On Jan 1983, when NSFNET (United Nations science foundation and ARPANET were interlinked, the growth became exponential many regional networks join and connections were made to networks in Canada, Europe and pacific. Growth continues and by 1990 the Internet had grown to 3000 networks and 200,000 computers. In 1992 the one million host was attached by 1995 there were multiple backbones, hundreds of regional networks, ten thousands of LANs, millions of hosts and ten of millions of users. This size doubles approximately every year.

The networks are very much popularize after the emerges of www by Tim-Berners Lee a CERN (European Laboratory for particle physics) engineer known as father of web who had the idea of creating an electronic web of research information. During 1980 he developed a programming language called HTML (Hypertext markup language) on which web is based. The www and the Internet are not the same but they are related and inter depended. The web resides on the top of the Internet. Early web pages contains only text but due to rapid advancements in technology the web page contain pictures and other multimedia elements in addition to text. The web is actually a super set of the Internet. It can be thought of as a graphical interface to Internet providing a revolutionary way of accessing information scattered across millions of computer around the world. The www changes all the concepts and brought millions of new non academic user to internet and it provide various types of service like email, news chat remote information video conference internet telephony and the information in every nook and corner of the world is easily available through internet at a comparatively cheaper and faster rate.

This led to the opening of a new media called web media
The internet is a world wide collection of computer networks. It provides access to communications, services and information recourses to millions of users around the globe

INTERNET SERVICES
The internet offers access to data, graphics, sound, soft wares, text and people through a variety of services and tools for communications and data exange. Some of the services are
Remote login (Telnet)
File transfer (FTP)
Electronic mail (E-Mail)
News
Hyper text (WWW)

USE OF INTERNET
Using the internet you can look at documents and images, even view videos or listen to sound files from anywhere in the worlds using your computer. You can also use the internet to publish so that others can look at your information in any of a number of standard file formats.You can send messages through email, as long as you know the email address of the recipient. The internet can also be used to transfer files between any two people or computers. It creats new communities of individuals, belonging to newsgroups where information is shared between people with similar interests, even through individuals could be geographically dispersed. Letters and files can be news groups, where others can share them.

In short view
Visit web sites
Send and receive electronic mail
Read and post articles in news groups
Download files to your pc
Chat with other users in online
Play games with others on-line
Access online multimedia including radio and video broadcasts
Search the internet for information
Subscribe to electronic news letters, etc
Join contests
Contribute articles and other materials
Do on-line shopping
Post your resumes on the internet
Create your own web sites
Create an e-mail ID and account for you
Use the e-mail remainder service
Find a persons details
Send gifts to others
The above list is by no means a complete and comprehensive one. There are a lot of other things that you can do on the internet.

TCP/IP
The standard for communication on the Internet is called “TCP/IP” which is the short for transmission control protocol/internet protocol. The key concept in TCP/IP is that every computer has to know or can figure out where all other computers are on the networks, and can send data by the quickest route, even if part of the route is down. The reason the route is down might include a computer is shut down or a phone line is disconnected or in repair./This is done by maintains indexes of all IP address in a domain at multiple servers strategically spread around the country, so that messages are quickly routed along the fastest path
TCP/IP transfers information in small chunks called “packets”. Each packet includes the following information: the computer the data came from the computer to which it is headed, the data itself, and error-checking information. The elegance of TCP/IP is that a large file can be broken into multiple packets, each sent over different paths in the network. These files can be broken in to multiple packs, each sent over different paths in the networks. These packets are then re-assembled at the other end into one file and saved in the destination computer

URLs and Domain Names

To send information between computers, you have identify the computers. This is also called the "URL" which is short for Universal Resource Locator”. In Internet, computers are as single unique 12 digit number called an "IPaddress" like 255.255.255.255 which allows 4 billion computes to have internet address

Because of reserved numbers for countries, governments, and organizations there is a lot of waste in the allocation of these numbers. If you are like most people you’d rather not memories long series of numbers. so a domain system was developed. This allows you to call a computerwww.yourname.com and the internet can still find it. The domain name is divided into three parts: the user or computer name , the mid level domain name and the top-level domain

ISP(INTERNET SERVISE PROVIDER)

To access Internet you need an Internet service provider “ISP” .The ISP is connected to the Internet “backbone” which is the permanent cabling of the Internet. This backbone may consist of copper wire, fibre optic cable, microwave a d even satellite connections between any two points. To you it doesn’t matter-the Internet’s TCP/IP works this out for you. You can connect to the Internet in one of two basic ways, including dialing into an Internet service provider’s computer, or with a direct connection to an Internet service provider. The difference is mainly in the speed and cost.
If you want to access a web site that is hosted on a server somewhere in the world and you want to access the information from India. Then you connect to your local internet Access Provider and type in the address of your site.

FTP
FTP stands file transfer protocol, and is part of the TCP/IP protocols suite .It is a protocol or a set of rules, which enables files to be transferred between computers. FTP is a powerful tools which allows files to be transferred from “Computer A” to “Computer B” or vice versa.
FTP works on the client/server principle. A client program enables the user to interact with a server in order to access information and service on the server computer
File that can be transferred are stored on computers called FTP servers. to access these files an FTP client program is used. This is an interface that allows the user to locate the files to be transferred and initiate the transfer process

HTTP
HTTP is a set of rules or protocols that governs the transfer of hypertext between two or more computers. The World Wide Web encompasses the universe of information that is available via HTTP, and it is based on the client server principle
Hypertext is a text that is specially coded using a standard system called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). The HTML codes are used to create links. When a user selects a hypertext link, the client program on his computer uses HTTP to contact the server, identify a resource, and ask the server to respond with an action. The server accepts the request, and then uses HTTP to respond to or perform the action.

Web animations

See the animation page

Softwares for web media

Adobe photoshop,
Macromedia Dreamweaver
Macromedia Flash
Action Scripting for flash mx
Microsoft .net
ASP
JSP
PHP
JAVA SCRIPT etc

Multimedia-Print Media

2007-10-16T10:03:00.000-07:00

CONCEPT OF COLORS

NATURAL COLORS

Black and white is called natural colors
White indicates the light
Black indicates the absence of light

PRIMARY&SECONDARY COLORS

RED, GREEN & BLUE are the primary color
VIOLET,ORANGE & GREE are secondary color
i e the color obtained from the mixture of Primary color

THE TERTIARY COLORS
If any two secondary colors are mixed in equal proportion is called Teritiary color

ANALOGOUS & COMPLEMENTARY COLOR
Analogous colors are nearly like one another and close together on the color wheelComplementary colors that are positioned opposite to each other in the color wheel

TINT & SHADES
Tint is obtained by mixing white color
Shade color is obtained by mixing the black color.

LOW KEY AND HIGH KEY
A picture is painted in the graded order of shades, it indicates a dark state then such color scheme is known as heavy scheme or low key

A picture is painted in the graded order of tints, it indicates a bright state then such color scheme is known as light scheme or high key

COLOR DEPTH
Image quality depends on color depth in expressed in “bits”and Quality images are stored in 24 bit

COLOR HARMONY
In A color harmony refers to combined effect of various colors as they appear next to each other in printing

WARM AND COOL COLORS
Red ,yellow,orange and brown are called warm colors
Blue,green and violet are called Cool colors

HUE & SATURATION
The colors that we perceive in the rainbow is called hue
The intensity oc color is called saturation

ABOUT PRINTING

Printing in its broadest sense, is any process whereby one or more copies are produced from master image.Image transfer from master to copy is usually accomplished with inks and the transferring agent is a mechanical press.Most commercial printing is achieved through one of the following process. They are Relief printing, Offset Lithography and Gravure printing.

PRINTING PROCESS AND TYPE

Tthe printed communications begins with a plan that is followed by or jointly prepared with the words and illustrations needed to accomplish the goals of the communications.
•Due to the invasion of digital media (offset printing) made the production
•Even more preparing printed media using computers.
•We have many process, but the best is Photo offset Lithography or offset process. This uses metal images to carry ink to paper from a flat surface.
•Offset printers work with the basic principle that water won’t mix up with oil. The printing plate holds ink because the image area is treated so that it is receptive to oil based ink not to water.
•A multi-color offset press has a separate printing unit for each ink being printed.

•The steps involved are:-
Plate making.
Wetting.
Inking.
Offsetting.
Printing.
•Wetting is a process in which the plate is mounted on a rotating cylinder. When the press starts, the plate comes into contact with the water rollers first.
•Dampening solution flows constantly from a tray like fountain through series of rollers wets the entire printing plate, except where the plate has been treated to resists water.
•Plate making is a process whereby a printer exposes the reversed image from a film separation (negative) onto a flat plate with light-sensitive coating, and then develops the plate.
•The image area of the plate — now a readable positive is coated with a chemical that attracts ink but repels with water.
•Offsetting is where the final roller, which is a rubber blanket, will be pressed against the printing plate and carries away a reversed inked image.
•The rubber blanket has some flexibility and gives slightly when pressed against paper, so the image can transfer evenly to both smooth and textured paper.
•Printing -In the last step, the paper in individual sheets or on a continuous roll passes between the rubber blanket and an impression cylinder.
•The inked blanket cylinder with its reversed image presses against the paper, printing the +ve image.

CALIBRATING YOUR SYSTEM

The first step in Color separation is calibrating Our devices (monitor, printer, scanner) and have Correct system-wide color calibration.

Calibration is of two types viz, device calibration And system calibration. Device calibration works with monitor and making adjustments for the image setter that we’ll use when we do color separation.

System calibration is adjusting the Adobe Photoshop settings that affect the image when it has been converted from RGB to CMYK.

Calibrating an image won’t affect it in RGB, because monitors are RGB devices. Changes are only for CMYK. Don’t set changes in CMYK, always comes to RGB and then change the mode.

Producing a best scan.

Although Photoshop corrects scanned images, it cannot correct images which doesn’t have much color details init — either because it was scanned at a too low resolution or because it lacks detail
In the highlight and shadow areas.

To make good second originals, do the following steps properly:

Steps
Determine the exact scan resolution for according to your requirements.

Take care of size of the image according to the scan resolution.

Scan always by using the file size settings.

Eliminate the unwanted color casts by calibrating Your monitor.

Separation setup adjustments.

The settings in the Separation Setup dialog box along with the settings in Printing Inks dialog box control how CMYK plates are Generated.

The Separation settings include the method used for Black generation, under color removal and total ink limit for the press.

When Adobe Photoshop converts an RGB image in to CMKY mode, the program converts the values Using information in the Monitor setup, Printing ink setup and Separation setup dialog boxes.

The first two settings will provides a closest match for the onscreen and final output image. The separation Setting will give the precise CMYK value chosen for a given RGB color.

Color separation is based on the principle of translating the three additive colors — red, green and blue — into their subtractive colors- Cyan, Magenta and Yellow. Theoretically, equal
Parts of cyan, magenta, yellow combine to Subtract all light and create black. Due to certain impurities present in all printing inks, however a mix of these colors instead yields a muddy brown.

To compensate to this deficiency, we add black ink to the final image output.

There are many ways that a given color can be translated from RGB mode to CMYK mode. Pre-Press operators typically use one of two styles of color translation. They are

1.Under Color Removal (UCR)
2.Gray Component Replacement (GCR)

For both UCR and GCR, the black generation uses the ink settings we enter in the Separation Setup Dialog box. (Black ink limit is 100 and total inkLimit is 1000.)

MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARES
Multimedia software emerged in mid-80’s, soon after the cd-rom was invented. Cd-rom with its vast storage capacity, has been compared in significance to paper, the printing press, and photography. By the early 1990’s the Multimedia phenomenon was gathering momentum and attracting great media interest; by the mid 1990’s Multimedia software was finding its place on the internet. Even if Multimedia does not live up to all the hype it is already a Multibillion dollar industry, creating hundreds of new titles each month. Many of these titles put computers to uses that could not have been anticipated when Multimedia first took off.

SOFTWARE USED TO PRODUCE GRAPHIC
The graphic means the still picture or image, in these there are two type vector and raster. vector is what we draw with sharp edges and raster is using pixels Vector graphic is done using software -illustrator In case of raster we use- photoshop.

RASTER

1. VIDEO SCREEN
2. PIXELS
3. DIGITAL
4. SET PIXEL
5.JAGGED LINES
6.COLORED LIGHT
7. AREA FILL
8. COLOR REPLACE
9.DYNAMIC
10. PAGE ORIGIN

VECTOR

1. PAPER
2. PEN
3.ANALOG
4.DRAWLINE
5. SMOOTH LINES
6. COLORED INK
7.AREA HATCH
8.COLOR OVERLAY
9.STATIC
10.CARTESIAN OROGIN
Let you create editable vector shape and text. There are many tools for a variety of a vector based shapes. These tools can be used to create shape layers . photoshop includes new type formatting controls and cool fonts effects .you can slice web graphics in photoshop now.

FEATURES OF PHOTOSHOP
The facility to work with layers ,the number of predefined set of filters, masking, twain compatibility (the functionality of direct picking up of images from scanner), the ability to convert images to high resolution ,the facility to add gradients to your work, the ability to change color channels form rgb mode to cmyk mode.We also looked for the drawing tools that allows the inclusion of diagrams in the work without having to minimize the photo editing software and open a separate drawing software .

COLOUR MODES
There are two popular types of color modes: RGB & CMYK. The rgb mode consist of three color channel (red, green and blue). This mode is called the additive color mode as the red ,blue and green colors are mixed in different proportions and intensities to create white color.Although every person work in RGB mode when working with Images, the final image is changed to CMYK mode when it goes for printing ,which consist of four channels :cyan, magneta, yellow and black.

VECTOR GRAPHICS
Vector graphics is the creation of digital images through a sequence of commands or mathematical statements that place line And shape in a given two dimensional or three dimensional space. The file that results from a graphic artist work is created and saved as a sequence of vector segment

RASTER GRAPHICS
Raster graphics are digital image created or captured (for examples by a scanner in a photo) as a set of samples of a given space. The raster file is sometime referred to as bitmap because it contains information that is directly mapped to the display grid. A raster file is usually larger than a vector graphics image file . it is usually difficult to modify without loss of information , although these are software tools that can convert a raster file in to a vectir file for refinement and changes

Examples of raster image file types are:-
1. BMP
2.TIFF
3. GRAGHIC INTERCHANGE FORMAT(GIF)
4.JPEG

SOFTWAERS USED IN PRINT MEDIA

Adobe Photoshop
Adobe Illustrator
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History of Animation

2007-10-16T09:49:00.000-07:00

HISTORY OF ANIMATION
1887 • H.W. Goodwin invents nitrate celluloid film, which is a chemical combination of gun cotton and gum camphor.

1892
• Emil Reynaud (1844-1918) ,France, opened his Theatre Optique in Paris with an archetype of animation created by his invention the Praxinoscope. The Praxinoscope was a theatrical Zoetrope with mirrors placed on an inside column that reflected out the sequential drawings that were on the inside of the drum. He was able to project 80 frames without changing reels and could project 10 to 15 minute "films". But the advent of film drove him out of business and in 1910 he threw all his equipment into a river and died destitute in a sanatorium in 1918.

1893 • Thomas Edison invents the Kinetsocope. He had already projected quite useful films onto a wall in his factory, but rather than producing a viewing system for the general public he came up with a machine in which reels of celluloid were not unrolled but stretched over a set of wheels that passed in front of a viewing window. Only one viewer at a time could watch. The Kinetsocope did not have an intermittent movement.

1894 • Lois Lumiere invents the cinematograph, a combination camera -projector - printer, it was the first machine to show movies successfully on a screen. This system used a claw movement and perforated film that was synced to an intermittent shutter movement.
• Thomas Edison copyrights the first motion picture, THE RECORD OF A SNEEZE.
• Thomas Edison opens his Kinetoscope Parlor in New York,

1895 • Auguste and Louis Lumiere project their film, "Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory in Lyon-Montplaisir", at the Hotel Scribe in Paris, on December 28th. This, the first public screening of a motion picture, is regarded as the "birth of film."
• Max Skaldanowsky presented films in Berlin using a two projector system called a Bioscope
• The first American comic strip, Hogan's Alley, is published.

1899 • First magnetic recording of sound is achieved.

1900 • James Stuart Blackton (1875 -1941) England/US makes THE ENCHANTED DRAWING. The smile and frown of his drawn characters is achieved by the replacement technique used by Melies in his live action films. It is not considered animation but a prototype of animation, as it is not continuous frame by frame filming.

1906 • James Stuart Blackton makes the HUMOROUS PHASES OF FUNNY FACES. This film is usually considered the first known example of animation as some of the drawn sequences are shot frame by frame. Blackton used a combination of blackboard and chalk drawing and cutouts to achieve animation. The film's motif was based on the lightning or quick sketch routine from vaudeville where a drawing is done in front of an audience.

1907 • THE HAUNTED HOTEL is another animated film by James Stuart Blackton. In this film the animation was created by stop motion and effects animation of 3D objects - wine poured into a glass, bread cut, and a table set without a human present. The film was a success and introduced 3D animation to the world.
• Later that year, Segundo de Chomons (1871-1929), Spain, releases his film HOTEL ELECTRICO. It used a technique reminiscent of The Haunted Hotel.
• Walter Booth, in England makes and releases a film similar to Humorous Phases of Funny Faces.

THE START OF ANIMATION

1908

• Emile Cohl, (1857-1938) France, makes his first film, FANTASMAGORIE. This film is considered by many to be the first animated film. Cohl was well-known for his comic strips before he went into animation. He made 250 animated films from 1908 -1921. Cohl was strongly influenced by the philosophy of the Incoherents, whom he joined in 1884. The Incoherents were an aggressively anti-rational group who believed insanity, hallucinations, dreams, and nightmares were sources of aesthetic inspiration. Cohl died in 1938 in poverty. He had been living in a flat in Paris with no electricity and died of the complications resulting from burns suffered when a candle set fire to his long beard while he was getting ready to see the Paris premiere of SNOW WHITE. Georges Melies died the day after; he had been making a living by selling chocolates at a stand in a Paris subway.
• Matisse coins the term "Cubism".

1909 • Emil Cohl combines live action and drawn animation together in his film, CLAIR DE LUNE ESPAGNOL (SPANISH MOONLIGHT).

1911 • Winsor McCay (1867- Spring Lake, Ohio -1934) makes his first film, LITTLE NEMO. McCay, who was already famous for his comic strips, used this film in his vaudeville act. His advice on animation was:" Any idiot that wants to make a couple of thousand drawings for a hundred feet of film is welcome to join the club."
• Chinese revolution.

1912 • McCay's second film THE STORY OF A MOSQUITO ("HOW A MOSQUITO OPERATES") is released.
• Wladyslaw Starewicz (1882 -1965) Russia/France a 3D animator makes THE CAMERAMAN'S REVENGE. The 3D characters he animated for this stop motion film were embalmed beetles. He continued to make 3D animated films after he moved to France in 1920. In France he changed his name to Ladislas Starevitch.
• Chuck Jones is born in Spokane Wash.
• Approximately 5 million people daily attend the cinema in the US.

1913 • John Bray's (1879-1978) US, first film, THE ARTISTS DREAM is released.
• Otto Messmer (1892-1985) the future creator and animator of FELIX THE CAT series begins his animation career.

1914 • Winsor McCay's GERTIE THE DINOSAUR was the first major triumph in character animation (it is still a marvelous film). It was shown as a film in the theaters and also as a multi media event on stage with McCay interacting with the animated Gertie.
• John Bray opens his studio and patented a great deal of the animation process but not the use of cels. Earl Hurd (1880-1940) born in Kansas City, Missouri had patented the cel technique. Bray convinced Earl to combine their patents and he formed the Bray-Hurd Process Company.
• Bray started producing the COLONEL HEEZA LIAR series that was a take off on Teddy Roosevelt. In his studio Bray introduced the management principles of the assembly line to the production of the animated films. The use of these management principles has continued in most United States studios to this day.
• Raoul Barre (1874-1932) Canadian), starts his own animation studio. He developed a slash and tear technique for doing levels in animation and he also devised the peg system for registration.
• Bill Littlejohn, who is still animating today, was born in New Jersey USA
• The US animation industry was centered in New York until the late 1920's and early 1930's.
• WW I begins.

1915 • Bray hired Paul Terry (1887-1971).
• Max Fleischer (1883-1972) Austria/USA, Dave Fleischer (1894-1979) USA patented the rotoscope process. For the source of the rotoscoped live action footage to be traced, Dave was filmed in a clown costume on top of a building in New York.
• International Film Service (IFS) was backed by the Hearst newspaper and used their comics, Katzenjammer Kids, etc., as the basis of their animated films. The studio closed in 1918.
• Pat Sullivan, (1887- 1933) Australia/USA hires Otto Messmer to work in his studio.
• WW I reduced European animation production to a trickle, but animation production continued unabated in the United States so when the war ended the United States had the strongest animation industry and a large inventory of animated films ready for international distribution. This same scenario was repeated at the end of WW II. These might be two excellent reasons why United States animation was able to dominate globally for so long

1916 • Bray acquires more patents and establishes a patent monopoly for the animation process. He tried to enforce the patent by requiring all animation studios using his patented animation process to buy a license and pay a fee. Some studios paid it, some ignored it, some found a way around it, and some took it to court. This issue caused concern in the animation business until the early 1930's. Bray began to produce Army training films, which became very profitable. His interest shifted from entertainment films to educational films. Bray adds the Fleischer brothers to the staff in his studio.
• Earl Hurd does the BOBBY BUMPS series.
• Paul Terry leaves Bray and sets up his own studio.
• Charles Bowers (1889-1945) USA starts the MUTT AND JEFF series based on the Fisher comic strip. Around 500 will be produced by the time the series ended in 1928.
• Barre joined with Bowers to form a new studio.
• Walter Lantz (1900-1995) starts his long career in animation at IFS
• Victor Bergdahl (1887-1939) Sweden started the KAPTEN GROGG series.
• KRAZY KAT, an extremely popular comic strip by George Herriman, was released as animation.
• Dadaism founded

1917 • Willis O'Brien (1886-1962) who would later do the big ape in KING KONG released 6 puppet animated films
• US enters WW I.

1918
• Winsor McCay finishes THE SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA; AN AMAZING MOVING PEN PICTURE. It is animated with cels, washes, and paintings in a very striking and realistic style. This was the first propaganda film done in animation. Unfortunately the Lusitania sank in 1915 and WWI ended in 1918 so its use as a propaganda tool was doubtful and points up the problem of doing topical events in animation.

1919 • Max Fleischer produced the first OUT OF THE INKWELL shorts featuring a clown based on the rotoscoped footage of Dave Fleischer in a clown costume interacting with Max. The clown character was named Koko the Clown in 1923. His name was changed to Ko-Ko in 1928 for copyright reasons. The interaction of a live action animator with the animation was a commonly used technique during this period.
• Lantz starts work at the Bray Studio.
• Lotte Reiniger (1899-1981) Germany makes the first of her many 2D shadow puppet animated films THE ORNAMENT OF THE ENAMOURED HEART.

1920
• 19 year old Walter Elias Disney (1901-1966) started working in animation at the Kansas City Slide Company, with his friend Ubbe Iwerks (1901-1971) who later changed his first name to Ub. They both used the book Animated Cartoons: How they are Made, their origin and Development by Edwin G. Lutz, New York, Scribner, 1920 to help them learn animation.
• Goldwyn-Bray first color animation THE DEBUT OF THOMAS CAT, Done in Brewster Color, a 2 emulsion color process, it was judged too expensive for commercial use.
• FELIX THE CAT, the most popular character and series of this period, started as the Feline Follies from Sullivan's studio. 0tto Messmer not only created Felix, but also he did the stories and directing on a schedule that produced one film every two weeks. The merchandising of Felix's image for dolls, watches, etc was very successful and paved the way for the later merchandising of animated characters.

1921

• McCay, assisted by his son Robert makes and releases three films in a series called DREAM OF THE RAREBIT FIEND. The films are: THE PET, THE FLYING HOUSE, and BUG VAUDEVILLE. This ends his major involvement with animation.
• Paul Terry engages in six years of litigation with Bray over patent infringemen
• Walter Ruttmann (1887-1941) Germany, did OPUS I, an abstract animation film.
• Hans Richter (1888-1976) Germany did RHYTHM 21, an abstract animation film.
• Max Fleischer set up own studio. KoKo was the star character.
• Bob Godfrey is born in Horse Shoe Bend, West Maitland, Australia, but moves to London as a baby.

1922

• Disney's first animation studio is located in Kansas City and is called Laugh-O-Gram Films.
• Oskar Fischinger (1900-1067)(wife Elfriede) Germany resigns his engineering job, and moves to Munich to become full time filmmaker. He becomes a master in abstract animation, which he calls "absolute animation",

1923

••Walter Lantz heads Bray studio
• Disney Laugh-O-Grams Films studio in Kansas goes bankrupt. Disney moves to Los Angeles, California and opens a new studio in his uncle's garage in Silverlake. Margaret Winkler who was distributing KoKo and Felix puts Disney under contract for a series, which he had proposed, that combined live action and animation. The series was called "Alice Comedies" and featured a live action girl with animated characters. • Starevitch makes FROGLAND, a 3D stop motion film in France.

1924
••Overview. The Felix and KoKo series were the most popular and well made shorts of this period. Aesop's Fables and Colonel Heeza Liar were not well received and reflected the lack of quality common in most animation of the period. In fact, some people had written animation off, claiming audience booed when the animation came on the screen.
••Lantz started the Dinky Doodles series.
••Disney's Alice series goes into distribution. The animators who did this series were originally from Kansas City. They included, Ub Iwerks, Hugh Harman (1903-1982) USA, Rudolf Ising (1904-1992) USA, and Friz Freleng (1906-1995) USA.
••The very popular English series BONZO THE DOG by Billy Ward was released.
••The First Song Car-Tune (the sing a-long format, sometimes with a bouncing ball) MOTHER PIN A ROSE ON ME is released
••The Birth of Surrealism.

1925 • THE LOST WORLD, a live action film with Willis O'Brien's 3D stop motion animated prehistoric dinosaurs and other creatures was released.
•DIAGONAL SYMPHONIE, Viking Eggeling (Swedish 1880-1925), perhaps the first public showing of an abstract film. Eggeling died six days after premier of depravation,
• Live action films released include "Battleship Potemkin by Eisenstein and "The Gold Rush" by Chaplin, which was the first feature comedy.

1926 • Lotte Reiniger, Germany, ADVENTURES OF PRINCE ACHMED, a one hour shadow puppet film is released. This film is claimed by some to be 1st animated feature, (but a feature is usually considered 75 minutes or longer).

•Kodak produces the first 16mm film

.

1927 • Disney started the popular OSWALD THE RABBIT series. Margaret Winkler was his distributor. o Fleischer studio begins distribution through Paramount that continued until 1942.

• Trotsky is expelled from the Communist Party.

1928 • Disney was making each of the OSWALD THE RABBIT for $2500 and when the series was up for renewal he wanted a raise to $2,750. Charles Mintz, Margaret Winkler's husband, meeting with Disney in New York, offered him $1800. Mintz owned the character and when Disney said no, Mintz set up his own studio by raiding Disney and hiring away some staff. But Disney in the interim had created Mickey Mouse while returning to California on a train. Disney did two Mickey's PLANE CRAZY and GALLOPING GAUCHO without a distributor. He was working on the third Mickey, STEAMBOAT WILLY, when motion picture sound arrived. Recognizing the breakthrough he added sound to the third Mickey and it opened in New York on Nov. 18, 1928, with the Powers sound system. It was not the first sound film: TerryÕs DINNER TIME was released on Sept. 1st (Disney saw it and said it was terrible). But STEAMBOAT WILLIE was the first successful sound animated film; it made Mickey an international star, and launched the Disney studio of today. It also ushered in the new age of sound for animation. o Carl Stalling (1888-1972) leaves his job as a movie music accompanist in Kansas City and joins Disney (he knew Disney in Kansas City and was an original investor in the studio). He would compose the music for nineteen of Disney's first twenty sound cartoons.

• Lantz signed with Universal and later took over Disney's OSWALD THE LUCKY RABBIT series.

• Amadee Van Beuren (-1937) bought 90% of Aesop's Fables Studio (Paul Terry's studio); it became the Van Beuren Studio. It distributor was RKO. The studio closed in 1936. Paul Terry left in 1929 and started own studio, Terrytoons. Georgia O'Keefe paints "Nightwave " an abstract painting. And so the "Silent Era" ended and the "Sound Era" began. How did this effect animation? Did Live Action and Animation take different directions when sound came in? How did sound affect the nature of comedy? How did the great depression, which started a year later, effect animation?

1929 • Disney, SKELETON DANCE, first Silly Symphony, Carl Stalling music, Ub Iwerks animator, where the use of prerecorded music in animation leads to a very tight synchronization of sound and picture which sets the standard in animation for the use of prerecorded sound. Columbia becomes Disney distributor until 1932.

• Lantz studio opened. Distributor Universal.

• For Columbia/Screen Gems Charles Mintz starts a studio with Krazy Kat as a main series. Columbia distributor.

• Great Depression begins with "Black Friday"

1930 • Warner Bros. Cartoons was born. The First Warner Bros. short was SINKING IN THE BATHTUB with the character BOSKO who was a take off on Mickey Mouse. Harman, Ising, and Friz Freleng, who were old Disney people, started the studio with Leon Schlesinger as the producer. He was a cousin of the Warner BrotherÕs and had helped back the "Jazz Singer". As a condition for the studio each short must contain a Warners song. So Looney Tunes series, a take off on the Silly Symphonies, began. "Our policy has always been laughs, the more the better", was the WarnerÕs philosophy (Schlesinger).

• Disney: Ub Iwerks and Carl Stalling left the studio. Roy signed contract-starting Disney merchandising. David Hand joins as DisneyÕs fourth animator. Norm FergusonÕs Pluto character born in THE PICNIC.

• Fleischer: introduced the character of in Betty Boop DIZZY DISHES. Grim Natwick developed and animated Betty, he also animated Snow White. Betty started as part human part dog character that later changed to completely human. Bimbo, her boyfriend remained a dog. Mae Questel did BettyÕs first voice.

• First Terrytoons, CAVIAR. is released. Distributed by 20th Century Fox.

• The plant Pluto is discovered. o Dashiell Hammett writes the "Maltese Falcon".

1931 • FLIP THE FROG Ube Iwerks opened a studio with this character. His studio closed in 1936.

• Warner Bros. introduced Merrie Melodies as one shot shorts. Webb Smith, at Disney, started the use of storyboards (some claimed that the storyboard was developed at the Fleischer studio in 1930).

• Disney starts studio school under direction of Don Graham o Jack Kinney joins Disney for 27 years.

• Hamilton Luske begins 37 year tenure with Disney. He became a co-director on many features until his death in 1968.

• Al Capone is jailed for tax evasion. 1932

1932 • FLOWERS AND TREES, won the first Academy Award (from now on I will use the two letters, AA, to designate the Academy Award Winner in animation), Disney. This film was the first to use 3 strip Technicolor (color) in animation.

• Disney's MICKEY'S REVUE, Goofy is born. Disney changed distributor to United Artist, which lasts until 1937.

• Oskar Fischinger completed his studies #5-12, done in an abstract style. He called his style "absolute animation"

• Berthold Bartosch, THE IDEA, a 30 minute film using woodcuts, Czech. Worked he also worked on PRINCE ACHMED.

• Chuck Jones lands his first job in animation industry, as a cel washer for Ub Iwerks. o Norman McLaren as a 16 yr.-old art student in England turns to animation after seeing an Oskar Fischinger film.

• Dan McLaughlin born. Hollywood CA
•Raoul Barre dies, (1874-1932) Canada

• Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic.

1933 • THE THREE LITTLE PIGS, AA, Disney,

• Warners: Harman and Ising left over money issues took Books with them to MGM. Meanwhile back at WarnerÕs Friz Freleng became a head director, Bob Clampett and Chuck Jones ($18.50 for a six-day week) started working there, and Ben Haraway arrived from Kansas City. Friz Freleng, BOSKO IN DUTCH. Cartoon Hitler chases Jimmy Durant with an ax in BOSKOÕS PICTURE SHOW

• Alexander Alexeieff and Claire Parker released, NIGHT ON BALD MOUNTAIN, made with pinscreen animation. In Paris.

• Fleischer, introduced Popeye from Elzie Segar's comic strip, POPEYE THE SAILOR: with Betty. Jack Mercer's muttering voice was used later.

• All books by non-Nazi and Jewish authors are burned in Germany.

• "Ulysses" by James Joyce is allowed into the US after a court ruling.

1934 • Disney, THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE, AA o MGM studio started with Happy Harmonies with Ising and Harmon.

•Donald Duck voice debuts on Mickey MouseÕs NBC radio program, first appeared in THE WISE LITTLE HEN. Prototype in MAD DOG 1932.

•Warners, first Merrie Melody in color, the Looney Tunes were in B&W until 1943, colored in 70's in Japan. In the 1950Õs WarnerÕs burnt all their cels from these series to make storage space available.

•Walt Disney in four hour staff meeting lays out vision for SNOW WHITE. o Stalin begins purge of the Communist Party. o Robert Graves writes "I, Claudius"

1935 • THREE ORPHAN KITTENS, AA, Disney ??Don Graham teaching at Disney studios.

• Hollywood Production Code came into effect. o Len Lye, (1901 - 1980) COLOR BOX, first film painted directly on film and shown to audience, British GPO unit

• Norman McLaren joined GPO unit. He strips away everything but action, feels the most important thing is what happens between frames, not what is on the frame. Avery said doesn't matter what the character looks like, but what the character does, that matters.

• First Porky Pig I HAVEN'T GOT A HAT. Joe Dougherty, a bit part actor with a pronounced speech impediment, plays the original Porky in this short, which gave Schlesinger StudioÕs its first success.

•Ub Iwerks adapts Hans Christian AndersonÕs tale for one of the first of his Comicolor Cartoon releases THE BRAVE TIN SOLDIER

•Marc Davis, one of the Nine Old Men begins working at Disney, spending 42 years there.

•The rumba becomes the fashionable dance. o Mussolini invades Abyssinia.

1936 •COUNTRY COUSIN, AA, Disney o Warner's, GOLD DIGGERS OF '49, Tex Avery's first film at Warner's (had been an animator at Lantz's 1930-1935. Jones, Clampett, and Bo Cannon were also in the unit, which they called Termite Terrace. Frank Tashlin (1913-1972) first, PORKY IN THE NORTH WOODS. Carl Stalling joined studio, set style of "cartoon music" and went on to compose music for over six hundred film. Mel Blanc joined studio (maybe in 1937).

•Fleischer, makes POPEYE THE SAILOR MEETS SINBAD THE SAILOR, a 20 minute film. It is shot on a horizontal rig with the backgrounds are 3D models with the characters animated on glass in front.

•Oskar Fischinger moves to Hollywood. His color filmÕs MURATTI MARCHES ON and COMPOSITION IN BLUE gained so much critical and popular acclaim that Paramount offered him a contract.

•Spanish Civil War begins.

•Mondriaan paints Composition in Blue.

1937 • THE OLD MILL, AA, Disney o Disney, SNOW WHITE AND THE SEVEN DWARFS (general release 1938). DisneyÕs new distributor is RKO that lasts until 1956.

• Warners, Robert Clampett first, PORKYS BADTIME STORY Avery, PORKYS DUCK HUNT, introduced the proto type character of Daffy Duck. Avery based the character on a duck that lived on a pond across from his high school. Avery was now developing the Looniest of Looney Tunes that set the tone for entire studio.

•Animators go on strike at Fleischer Studios in New York. o The Japanese seize Peking, Nankin, and Shanghi.

• Whistle While We Work is one of the most popular songs of the day.

1938 • FERDINAND THE BULL, AA, Disney, Disney's mother died.
• Warners: first Chuck (Charles) Jones, THE NIGHT WATCHMAN.

•Emile Cohl died.

•40 hour work week established in the USA.

1939 • THE UGLY DUCKLING, AA, Disney (It was also the last Silly Symphony) Disney, '39-'40 moved their studio to Burbank from Hyperion Ave in Los Angeles.

• PEACE ON EARTH, MGM, a strong pacifist film was nominated for an AA.

•Mary Ellen Bute and McLaren, SPOOK SPORT, abstract US o Fleischer, GULLIVERS TRAVELS, first feature, (Florida strike)

• The Film Act in Canada passed by Parliament, creates The National Film Board of Canada to "interpret Canada to Canadians through the medium of film."

•Victor Bergdahl dies (1887-1939) Sweden o WW II begins in Europe with the German invasion of Poland.

1940 • MILKY WAY, AA, MGM

•Disney: PINOCCHIO and FANTASIA o Harry Smith, NO.1, alchemist

• Warners: AveryÕs, A WILD HARE, where he defines the character of Bugs Bunny. There were three previous Bugs, but this was the film where the real Bugs was born. Start of Warners' supremacy in humor, except for Avery and Bill Hanna (1911 - 2001) & Joe Barbera(1911-) USA at MGM.

• MGM: PUSS GETS THE BOOT: first Tom and Jerry. It was also the first co-effort of Bill Hanna and Joe Barbera

•Lantz: Woody Woodpecker introduced: KNOCK: KNOCK 1941

•Trotsky is assassinated in Mexico on Stalin's orders.

• Duke Ellington becomes known as a composer and a jazz pianist.

1941 • LEND A PAW, Disney, AA.

• Disney releases DUMBO (feature) o Disney, Strike o McLaren joins National Film Board (NFB)

• Fleischer: SUPERMAN series. Second feature MR. BUG is retitled: HOPPITY GOES TO TOWN and released.

•Walter Ruttmann dies, (1887-1941) Germany

•James Stuart Blackton (1875- 1941) England/USA is, hit by a bus on Pico Blvd in Los Angeles. He dies in poverty.

• US entered WW II.

• Manhattan Project begins the intensive research into atomic bombs and power. 1942

1942 • DER FUEHRERS FACE: AA, Disney

• Disney releases BAMBI (feature) o Fleischer studio closed. o Paramount/Famous studio opens with the old Fleischer people.

•Fort Roach, the old Hal Roach studios, became the military animation/film studio in Hollywood, 18th Air Force Base Unit. Lt. Ronald Regan was stationed there.

•In the WWII propaganda films, Japanese soldiers were often shown wearing rimless glasses. The reason young Japanese men worn these glasses were because Harold Lloyd wore them, and they thought him cool.

• Avery: had left Warners and did the pilot SPEAKING OF ANIMALS (with its Hoary Toad sequence) for Paramount. The series was taken from him. He then went to MGM where he stayed until 1955.

•THE BLITZ WOLF (MGM) Fred Quimby upon seeing AveryÕs caricature of Hitler as the wolf, advised Avery to tone it down because, after all, no one knew who was going to win the war.

•COMING SNAFU, in the style of a coming attraction the Private Snafu series is introduced (named for the acronym situation normal: (All fouled/f_cked up)). Snafu is described as "licentious, lazy, envious of every duty but his own, a shirker and the Warner animation departmentÕs idea of the American fighting man in his larval form, or a positive genius at doing things the wrong way."

• Terrytoons: Prototype of Mighty Mouse (1945) introduced.

•Norman McLaren joins the NFB of Canada as the head of its animation.

• By this year many important European filmmakers, artists (Surrealist painters, Bauhaus designers, etc.) had come to America. o The first electronic brain or automatic computer is developed in the US.

• Magnetic recording tape is invented. o Handy demands independence for India and is arrested. o Germans reach Stalingrad.

1943 • YANKEE DOODLE MOUSE, AA, MGM

•Disney: SALUDOS AMIGOS: a collection of shorts, the studio did several of these. Bill Tytla resigns, Bill Shull was his assistant. o John and James WhitneyÕs first film.

• MGM, Tex Avery's DUMB HOUNDED, first Droopy. o Penicillin successfully used in the treatment of chronic diseases.

•Germans surrender at Stalingrad.

• Japanese driven from Guadalcanal.

•Jackson Pollock's first one man show.

1944 • MOUSE TROUBLE, AA, MGM

•HELL BENT FOR ELECTION - a independent short done for the Democrats for the 1944 presidential election. It was so successful that the story goes that both political parties made a gentlemanÕs agreement not to uses animation for election films.

•Leon Schlesinger studio sold to Warners o Warners, Yosemite Sam introduced in HARE TRIGGER o Mitsuyo SeoÕs Japanese wartime animated feature film MOMOTAROÕS GOD BLESSED SEA WARRIORS. "Momotaro and his cute little bunny, monkey and elephant friends. happily clear an airstrip, oil machine guns, and fly their Zeroes to victory while singing happy songs."

• REYNARD THE FOX completed by Dutch NaziÕs.

•D-Day landing in France.

• Vietnam, under Ho Chi Minh, declares herself independent of France.

1945 • QUIET PLEASE, AA, MGM o WW II over.

•UPA (United Productions of America) formed. o Warners, Pepe Le Pew introduced, ODOR-KITTY, Chuck Jones.

•Phil Denslow born

• War ends in Europe

•Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki o Japan surrenders

1946 • THE CAT CONCERTO, AA, MGM

• Warners: Foghorn Leghorn: WALKY TALKY HAWK, Bob McKimson (1911-1977).

•Disney: SONG OF THE SOUTH, combined live action and animation.

• Terrytoons: HECKLE AND JECKLE series is introduced.

• UPA: BROTHERHOOD OF MAN, Bobe Cannon Director.

•Xerography process invented.

•Truce declared in the Chinese Civil War.

1947 • TWEETIE PIE, AA, Warners: Tweetie and Sylvester together, first Tweetie, first AA for Warners, Friz Freleng.

• Bob Clampett leaves Warners.

•Around this time new contracts were made for animators almost doubling their wages but a big mistake was made by not including residuals.

• Bill Shull, a former Disney animator founded the UCLA Animation Workshop.

• Flying Saucers sightings reported in US.

• India is proclaimed independent and partitioned into India and Pakistan.

•Jackie Robinson becomes the first Afro American to sign a contract with a major league baseball club.

1948 • THE LITTLE ORPHAN, AA, MGM

• UPA first theatrical release (they did educational films before) ROBIN HOODLUM, Fox and Crow, John Hubley.

• Supreme Court ruling on Sherman anti trust declaring motion picture companies monopolies and they must break up. End of block booking.

• Jiri Trnka, THE EMPERORS NIGHTENGALE, feature length puppet film, Czech.

• Columbia/Screen Gems ended production o A special department of cartoon and puppet films came into being as part of the Bulgarian State Film Industry.

• Gandhi assassinated. o Berlin Airlift begins. o Jewish state comes into existence.

1949 • FOR SCENT-IMENTAL REASONS, AA, Warner Bros,

• CRUSADER RABBIT, first cartoon series made for TV, NBC, done by Alex Anderson, nephew of Paul Terry. They were paid $250.00 per five minute episode. Looking like an illustrated radio show they were the TV's first limited animation. Frostbit Follies genesis for Rocky and his Friends 1959 (storyboard only).

• MGM: BAD LUCK BLACKIE, Tex Avery, Director o Warners, The Road Runner introduced, FAST AND FURRY-OUS, Chuck Jones Director o UPA: Mr. Magoo, THE RAGTIME BEAR, John Hubley director.

•Bob Godfrey enters the film world. Later to be called "Master of the Absurd". "I try in my own lousy, noisy way to make an audience laugh" Bob Godfrey.

• Communist People's Republic proclaimed under Mao Tse-tung.

• The Samba comes into fashion o USSR tests first atomic bomb.

1950 • GERALD MCBOING MCBOING, AA, UPA, USA

• First Magoo, RAGTIME BEAR o First computer animation (that we know of) it was an animated "Bouncing Ball", done at MIT, by Saxenian.

• Disney: CINDERELLA (return to feature animation), first live action feature: TREASURE ISLAND and first TV special.

• TV Arts Productions, they did the original CRUSADER RABBIT, went out of business.

• Animation for TV commercials becoming an important segment of the animation industry.

• Korea conflict starts o McCarthy era begins o Ralph Bunche wins Nobel prize for Peace

• 1.5 million TV sets in US. o North Korean forces invade South Korea.

• China's forces occupy Tibet. o Antihistamines become popular remedy for colds and allergies.

• Cool Jazz developed from bebop.

1951 • TWO MOUSEKETEERS, AA, MGM

• 15 million TV sets in US, color TV first introduced,

• Bretislav Pojar (Czechoslovakia), THE GINGERBREAD COTTAGE

• Ion Popesco-Gopo (Rumania), THE NAUGHTY DUCK, THE BEE AND THE DOVE

• Raoul Servais (Belgium), GHOST STORY, THE SAND MAN. o Peron reelected President of Argentina.

• J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye published.

•Color television is first introduced in the US.

1952 • MGM: JOHANN MOUSE, AA,

• MASTER MANOL BulgariaÕs first color film, Dimo Lingurski

• NEIGHBORS Norman McLarenÕs pixillation film, labeled by some a "one of the most controversial films the NFB ever made", because there was too much violence, wins an Oscar for best documentary (or was it 1953?).

•First Hydrogen bomb exploded

1953 • Disney: TOOT, WHISTLE, PLUNK AND BOOM, AA. It is a return to Silly Symphonies done in a UPA style.

•Disney: Last MICKEY MOUSE made, THE SIMPLE THINGS, PETER PAN released.

•Paul Grimault (France: 1905-1994): La Bergere et le ramoneur (MR. WONDERBIRD): first French feature (?) o Most US movie theaters adapted for Cinemascope projection.

•Warners, DUCK AMUCK, Chuck Jones Director.

• GUMBY first appears in GUMBASIS by Art Clokey

• Korean armistice signed in Panmunjon o Stalin dies

• Lung cancer reported attributable to cigarette smoking

•Tenzing and Hillary become the first to reach the summit of Mount Everest. 1954

1954 • WHEN MAGOO FLEW, AA, UPA

• In this year and 'in 55 and Ô56 the major studios started selling their animated shorts to TV for syndication.

• Warners, Tasmanian Devil, DEVIL MAY HARE, Bob McKimson

• Independent TV Authority established in Britain, 29 million homes have TV's in US

•Herblock (1910-2001) wins second Pulitzer Prize for editorial cartoons.

•There is a terrible desert locus plague in Morocco.

1955 • SPEEDY GONZALES, AA, Warners, Friz Freleng, first major Speedy.

• Disney started phasing out shorts as cost had risen to $75,000 each. Disneyland opened.

• Paul Terry sold Terrytoons to CBS for $3,500,000 and retired.

•Peter Foldes (Hungry 1924-1977), A SHORT VISION, British (shown on US TV).

•Todor Dinov, (Bulgaria), THE MIGHTY MARKO

• Tex Avery to the Walter Lantz Studio. o Warners, ONE FROGGY EVENING, Chuck Jones o Afro-Americans in Montgomery, Ala. Boycott segregated city bus lines.

•Bernard Buffet paints Circus. His painting style influenced the UPA style.

•Prokofiev's opera Fiery Angel opens in Venice.

1956 • MR. MAGO0'S PUDDLE JUMPER, AA, UPA, USA

• CBS Terrytoons, Gene Deitch hired as supervisor. o John Hubley and Faith Elliot started Storyboard Productions

• UPA, GERALD MCBOING BOING SHOW, TV o Zagreb Studio started.

• Disney, release their last shorts on a regular basis.

•Annecy, the first major international animation festival begins within the framework of the Cannes Festival. In 1960 became an independent festival at Annecy under the auspices of the Association Francaise pour la Diffusion du Cinema.

•Tom Sito is born. Currently he is a Director, animator, and the Union President.

• Martin Luther King Jr. emerges as leader of the desegregation movement.

•Pakistan becomes Islamic republic.

1957 • BIRDS ANONYMOUS, AA, Warners

• Hanna and Barbera were asked to leave MGM, they with George Sidney started Hanna Barbera studios. RUFF AND REDDY SHOW was their first TV series.

•Shanghai Studio opened

•Warners: WHATÕS OPERA DOC? Chuck Jones o GUMBY TV series premiers on NBC

• Association Internationale de Film D’ Animation (ASIFA) founded in France o Jack Kinney leaves Disney and goes on to produce and direct over a hundred POPEYE cartoons

• USSR launches Sputnik I and II. These are the first Earth satellites.

• Jack Kerouac wrote On the Road. o Dr. Seuss wrote Cat in the Hat

1958 • KNIGHTY KNIGHTY BUGS, A.A. Winner, Warners

• Richard Williams (Canada), THE LITTLE ISLAND, British (Stan Hayward, writer)

• Jay Ward Productions opened (TV). o Hanna-Barbera, HUCKLEBERRY HOUND, introduced the half-hour TV all cartoon program.

•First studio in Australia opened.

•CBS Terrytoons first TV was, TOM TERRIFIC, directed by Gene Deitch and written Jules Feiffer. o European Common Market comes into being.

• The Beatnik movement spreads throughout America and Europe. One of the consequences of this was a musical group called the Beatles

o The Cha Cha Cha is the new dance vogue.

1959 • MOONBIRD, AA, Storyboard Inc. (Hubley Studio)
•Karel Zeman (Czechoslovakia) BARON MUNCHHAUSEN

•Jiri Trnka, (Czechoslovakia 1912-1970), MIDSUMMER NIGHTS DREAM, feature puppet

• UPA closed its doors

• Jay Ward's ROCKY AND HIS FRIENDS on TV.

• Hawaii becomes the 50th state

• Fidel Castro becomes the Premier of Cuba.

•USSR launches a rocket with two monkeys aboard.

1960 • MUNRO, AA, Rembrandt Films

• Bruno Bozzetto (Italy), AN AWARD FOR MR. ROSSI

•Giulio Gianin and Emmanuele Luzzati, (Italy), PALADIN

•Yoji Kuri (Japan), HUMAN ZOO

•Hanna-Barbera, THE FLINTSTONES (was a homage to the Honeymooners) first prime time TV series, next one was the SIMPSONS.

•UNESCO charters ASIFA.

•Belgian Congo granted full independence

• Antonioni's film La Notte is released.

1961 • ERSATZ, AA, Zagreb Film (Dusan Vukotic 1927- )

• Bob Godfrey (Australia/England), DO IT YOURSELF CARTOON KIT, British

•TETSUWAN ATOMU (ASTRO BOY) JapanÕs first television animation series begins. Created by Osamu Tezuka.

•Start of the "Nine Old Men" era at Disney

• H/B's YOGI BEAR on TV.

•Disney: ONE HUNDRED AND ONE DALMATIANS, the first use of Xerox cels.

•UN General Assembly condemns apartheid.

• Berlin Wall constructed.

•Yuri Gagarin (USSR) orbits the earth in a six ton satellite.

1962 • THE HOLE, AA, Storyboard Films (Hubley Studio)

• First general assembly of ASIFA (at Annecy France).

• Warner Bros. Animation closes. o Willis OÕBrien dies (1886 - 1962) USA.

• Cuban missile crisis o Uganda and Tanganyika become independent.

•Alexander Solzhenitayn writes: "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"

• Charles Shultz writes: "Happiness is a Warm Puppy"

1963 • THE CRITIC, AA, Pintoff-Crossbow Productions

• In computer animation Ivan Sutherland doctoral dissertation at MIT opened the way to interactive computer animation

• THE STORY OF A CRIME Feodor Khitrouk, (Russia),

• THE INSECTS Jimmy Murakami,

• DePatie-Freleng studio formed.

• LABYRINTH Jan Lenica, (Poland 1928- ), (absurdist) ?? check this year for ASTRO boy start???

• Warners animation closed its doors for the first time. Reopened in the 90Õs,

• President Kennedy assassinated

1964 • THE PINK PHINK, AA, DePatie-Freleng

• Halas and Batchelor, first British feature, ANIMAL FARM

• Walerian Borowczyk (Poland 1925- ), LES JEUX DE ANGES (The Game of the Angels).

• Ralph Bakshi, first directing for CBS Terrytoons, GADMOUSE THE APPRENTICE GOOD FAIRY

•THE ADVENTURES OF JOHNNY QUEST airs on prime time TV ?

• Jan Svankmajer's, (1934-) Czechoslovak, first film THE LAST TRICK OF MR. SCHWARZWALD AND MR. EDGAR

• Arafat takes over leadership of Arab guerrilla force Al Fatah

• The Watusi, Frug, Monkey, Funky Chicken, and other varieties of the Twist drive many people to discotheques.

• The Beatles film HARD DAYS NIGHT is released.

1965 • THE DOT AND THE LINE, AA, MGM (Chuck Jones)

•Rene Laloux, (French), Les Escargots 1966 o Gerry AndersonÕs THUNDERBIRDS premiere on British TV

• "Op" art becomes the rage: non objective art directed at optical illusions based on the use of color, form, and perspective.

• Severe race riots in the Watts district of Los Angeles. "Op" art becomes the rage: nonobjective art directed at optical illusions based on the use of color and form and perspective.

1966 • HERB ALPERT AND THE TIJUANA BRASS DOUBLE FEATURE, AA, Hubley Studio o James Whitney did LAPIS, in motion control animation.

• Walter Elias Disney dies, (1901-1966) USA

• Superhero vogue started on Saturday Morn TV by Fred Silverman.

• KIMBA THE WHITE LION arrives in US from Japan.

• IT'S THE GREAT PUMPKIN, CHARLIE BROWN, was the first Peanuts TV special.

• DR. SEUSS HOW THE GRINCH STOLE CHRISTMAS, Chuck Jones

• Mrs. Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister of India.

• Two male dogs sent into orbit aboard Soviet Cosmos 110

• Miniskirts come into fashion

1967 • THE BOX AA, Murakami & Wolf Films (Fred Wolf)

• John Whitney PERMUTATIONS, computer animation

• John Stehura, CIBERNETIC 5.3, first computer-animated film at the UCLA Animation Workshop

• Nedeljko Dragic {Yugoslavia, Zagreb), TAMER OF WILD HORSES.

• Vietnam War - demonstrations against,

• SPEED RACER.

• Oscar Fischinger dies (1900-1967) Germany/USA. Survived by his widow, Elfriede o Shah of Iran crowns himself

• Six day war between Israel and Arab nations.

1968 • WINNY THE POOH AND THE BLUSTERY DAY, AA, Disney

• George Dunning (Canada 1920-1977), THE YELLOW SUBMARINE, British, TVC Bob Coates was the producer.

• 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY, by Stanley Kubrick is released. This film contained the first major use of motion control animation (which John Whitney invented and first used it commercially in Hitchcock's VERTIGO)

• CBS Terrytoons closed theatrical production.

• Czechoslovakia invaded at night by Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops o Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated.

1969 • IT'S TOUGH TO BE A BIRD, AA, Disney

• Internet is born at UCLA

• Debut on TV of SCOOBY DOO, WHERE ARE YOU

• Red Cross flies relief airlifts into Biafra

• Apollo 11 lands lunar module on moon

1970 • IS IT ALWAYS RIGHT TO BE RIGHT, AA, Stephen Bosustow

• THE FURTHER ADVENTURES OF UNCLE SAM, Bob Mitchell, (1933 -1985) US, Annecy Grand Prize Winner.

• First Freak Bros. Comic book published o Jiri Trnka dies, (1912-1970). Czechoslovakia o Arab commandos hijack three jets bound for New York

• Student protests against Vietnam War results in the killing of four by National Guard soldiers at Kent State University in Ohio

1971` • THE CRUNCH BIRD: AA, Maxwell-Petok-Petrovich Productions

•FRITZ THE CAT, Steve Krantz producer, Ralph Bakshi director, the first X-rated feature in the USA.

• Robert Abel (1937-2001) and Assoc. studio began. First by doing motion control and in a few years began doing high quality computer animation commercials.

• Ub Iwerks dies, (1901-1971) USA. He was considered one of the greatest animators ever

• Paul Terry dies, (1887-1971) USA o First computer animation used in a feature film THE ANDROMEDA STRAIN as a special effect. Special effect animation during this period played a major role in the amount of animation produced.

• THE POINT, TV special, first hour animation film on US TV by Fred Wolf.

• Canadian based Nelvana Ltd. Founded o India and Pakistan go to war.

• "Conceptual Art" becomes a new art form in the US

1972 • THE CHRISTMAS CAROL: AA, Richard Williams o ASIFA - Hollywood established.

• Jerzy Kucia’s debut film POWROT. "I am interested in manÕs mental states. I endeavor to observe him through his emotional experiences - his joy and stresses. I treat the cinema as a psychic fact" - J. Kucia o Jan Svankmajer is forced to begin seven year Czech government impose "silencing" during which he is not permitted to make films of any kind.

• MARCO POLO JR. VS THE RED DRAGON, Australia's first feature animated film is released.

• Carl Stalling 1888-1972) dies, a music director and composer who set the standards for animation music in the "Golden Age of Animation". Disney and Warners were two of the studios where he set the standards.

• Frank Tashlin (Tish-Tash) dies (1913-1972) - director at Warners - went on to direct live action hits starring Jerry Lewis and Bob Hope.

•Max Fleischer dies (1883-1972) born in Vienna, Austria

• Police arrest five men in Democratic national Headquarters in the Watergate o Ceylon becomes a republic, changes it name to Sri Lanka

1973 • FRANK FILM, A.A., Frank Morris USA

•HEAVY TRAFFIC, Krantz/Bakshi

• Cease-fire signed in South Vietnam

• Arab oil producing nations impose an embargo, which causes an energy crisis.

1974 • CLOSED MONDAYS., AA: Bob Gardiner - Will Vinton, USA o HUNGER, an Academy Award nomination by Peter Foldes (1924-1977) Hungry done at the NFB was the first animated computer generated film nominated.

•Worldwide inflation helps create sharp price increases in food and fuel costs.

•Nixon resigns

• Streaking becomes a short lived fad in the US.

1975 • GREAT, AA, Bob Godfrey. England

• US evacuates last remaining personnel from South Vietnam.

• Leo Salkin's TV special of Mel Brooks's 2,000 YEAR OLD MAN premiers.

• Industrial Light and Magic Founded by George Lucas. o CAROSELLO, a ten-minute daily Italian advertising program on the state-owned television station after the evening newscast begins a twenty year run that gave life to many hand drawn, stop-motion characters and ingenuous experimental techniques.

• Six thousand life size pottery figures from the 3rd century BC are found in China.

1976 • LEISURE, A.A., NFB, Canada

• North and South Vietnam reunited as one country after 22 years.

1977 • SAND CASTLE, A.A., NFB: Canada, Co Hoedeman

• Single frame video tape animation systems were introduced. Used for pencil testing they were a major development in the production of animation.

• First Anime fan club started in Los Angeles. o Peter Foldes dies (1924-1977) Hungry.

•John Hubley dies.

• US tests neutron bomb that kills with massive radiation.

• Egyptian president Anwar Sadat makes the first visit by an Arab leader to the Jewish State since it was founded in 1948.

1978 • SPECIAL DELIVERY: A.A., NFB, Canada

• Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston retired from Disney.

• Peter Lord, Davis Sproxton establish Aardman Animation in England. o John Bray dies, (1879-1978) US

• Violence sweeps Nicaragua as leftist Sandinistas guerrillas try to overthrow president Anastasio Somoza

• A military junta seizes power in Afghanistan

• "Test tube baby" born in England

• National Lampoon's Animal House starring John Belushi is released

1979 • EVERY CHILD, A.A., NFB, Canada

• Turnkey systems are first introduced in computer animation.

• Dave Fleischer dies (1894-1979)

• Idi Amin overthrown by Tanzanian backed rebels

• Camp David Peace Treaty signed

1980 • THE FLY, A.A., Pannonia Studios, Hungary, Ferenc Rofusz

• Pacific Data Images (PDI) founded.

• Fred "Tex" Avery dies (1908 - 1980) USA. Fred Bean Avery was related to Judge Roy Bean (who was known as the "law west of the Pecos, give you a fair trail and hang you". Roy Bean's real name was Roy Boone and he was descended from Daniel Boone). There is a story that Disney did not want his animators to see Tex Avery films as they were too extreme in their humor and animation.

• John Lennon shot dead in New York

• Border conflict between Iran and Iraq erupts into war

1981 • CRAC: A.A., Frederic Back, Canadian

• Lotte Reiniger dies (1899-1981) Germany, developed silhouette and did many films in that form.

• Steve Bosustow dies (1912-1981) US, became head of UPA in the 1950's.

•Clair Parker dies (1906 -1981) USA/'France o Solidarity's first national conference is held in Gdansk, Poland

• Scientists identify Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

1982 • TANGO, A.A., Zingier Rybczynski, Poland. He was arrested after winning the Oscar when he went outside for a smoke and spent his Academy Award night in a Los Angeles jail - so much for animation.

• TRON, Disney feature had 15 minutes of computer animation (most all computer animation by now is digital except effects done on tape using the analog system) for 235 scenes at a cost of $1,200 per second.

• STAR TREK II, THE WRATH OF KHAN had the "Genesis effect" scene.

• Disney starts selling home videos.

• Tim BurtonÕs VINCENT. o Alexandre Alexieff dies (1901-1982) Russia/France

• 28 million US households have cable TV o UK's fourth TV channel (Channel 4) begins broadcasting

1983 • SUNDAY IN NEW YORK, A.A, Jimmy Picket USA.

•Otto Messmer dies, (1892-1983)

• Syndication, as a new form of distribution for children's TV starts. Filmation's HE-MAN AND THE MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE 85 1/2 hour shows that play every weekday.

• Disney Channel Starts o The compact disc is launched

• De Kooning's "Two Women" is sold for 1.2 million, a record for a living artist

1984 • CHARADE, A.A., John Minnis, Canada

• LAST STAR FIGHTER, a feature had 30 minutes of animation at a cost of 4.5 million.

• Bob Clampett dies (1913-1984) USA

• NAUSICAA, Hayao Miyazake, Japan o Upper Volta renamed Burkina Faso (the republic of honest men)

• The space shuttle "Discovery" makes its maiden flight

1985 • ANNA AND BELLA, A.A., Borge Ring, Holland

• The first live action feature, YOUNG SHERLOCK HOLMES, to have a complete computer animated character was released.

• Otto Messmer dies (1892-1985) USA

• Daniel Ortega is inaugurated president of Nicaragua

• Mikhail Gorbachev unilaterally halts deployment of medium range missiles in Europe

1986 • A GREEK TRAGEDY, A.A., Nicole Van Goethem, Belgium

• Iwerks Entertainment founded.

• AMERICAN TALE released. Steven Spielberg Production, Don Bluth director.

• Marcos flees the Philippines, Corazon Aquino becomes new president

• World's worst nuclear accident, Chernobyl Power Station, Kiev, USSR

1987 • THE MAN WHO PLANTED TREES, A.A., Frederic Back, Canada

• THE SIMPSONS started as spots on the Tracey Ullman Show. David Silverman, who had just graduated from UCLA, was one of the 2-3 original animators.

• ALICE Jan Svankmajer's first feature film o Norman McLaren dies (1914-1987), Scotland.

• In Japan 24 anime features are produced as well as 72 anime features for video release

• The last California Condor is trapped and sent to a zoo for breeding

• Van Gogh's "Irises" sold for 49 million

1989 • TIN TOY, A.A., John Lasseter, William Reeves, Pixar, first computer animated film to win, US.

• WHO FRAMED ROGER RABBIT released. Grossed over $300 million and proved that animation, at least when combined with animation, was not limited to a children's audience.

• LAND BEFORE TIME released.

• Internet computer virus designed by US students jams over 6,000 military computers across the US

1990 • BALANCE, A.A., Wolgang and Christopher Lauenstein, Germany

• Osamu Tezuka dies (1926-1989). He was born in Osaka, Japan and is often called the Walt Disney of Japan. In his last years he turned the control of his studio over to others and began making his own personal short films. JUMPING was one of these films. Before he became a cartoonist and animator he was a certified medical doctor and had a Ph.D. in entomology.

• Mel Blanc "the man of a thousand voices" dies (1908 -1989). His gravestone in the Hollywood Memorial Cemetery reads "That's All Folks". He was the first voice talent to receive screen credit.

• Richard Williams presented with a Special Achievement Oscar for directing the animation in WHO FRAMED ROGER RABBIT. The only time this award had been previously given for animation was to Walt Disney for SNOW WHITE AND THE SEVEN DWARFS.

• The last Soviet troops leave Afghanistan

• Tiananment Square massacre

• Mysterious "crop circles" appear in UK cornfields

1991 • MANIPULATION, A.A., Daniel Greaves,

• Disney's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST becomes the first animated feature to be nominated for the Academy Award as Best Picture.

• REN & STIMPY premiere.

• Hanna-Barbera Productions bought by Turner Broadcasting

• USSR dissolves

• Hostilities between newly independent Croatia and Serbia begin

• Operation Desert Storm by the US in Kuwait and Iraq

1992 • MONA LISA DESCENDING A STAIRCASE, A.A., Joan Grantz, USA

• Art Babbit dies o FERN GULLY and animated feature by Bill and Sue Kroyer is released.

• Cartoon Network starts in 2 million homes, by 1995 in 22 million.

• FROG BASEBALL, by Mike Judge, screened to an MTV focus group.

• Bill Plympton completes first feature film THE TUNE.

• Sammy Timberg dies (1903- 1992) USA. Composed for Fleischer Studios (later Famous Studios) Betty Boop, Superman, Little Lulu, Casper as well as features MR. BUGS GOES TO TOWN and GULLIVERÕS TRAVELS. Best known for "ItÕs a Hap-Hap-Happy Day".

• Acquittals in Rodney King trial sparks riots in Los Angeles, 51 killed.

• UN expels Yugoslavia.

1993 • THE WRONG TROUSERS, A.A., Nick Park, England

• BEAVIS AND BUTTHEAD, by Mike Judge, released on cable.

• ANIMANIACS debuts

• NIGHTMARE BEFORE CHRISTMAS, by Tim Burton, is released

• Czechoslovakia divides into Czech and Slovak republics.

• NY trade center bombed.

1994 • BOBÕS BIRTHDAY, A.A., Alison Snowden and David Fine, Canada.

• LION KING, Disney, made a huge amount of money.

• DreamWorks studio formed.

• Walter Lantz dies (1900-1994). A pioneer in animation he was head of the Walter Lantz Studio and creator of Woody Woodpecker.•

• Mexican peasants revolt in Chiapas

• Russian Army invades Chechnya o Morphing of digital images comes into vogue

1995 • A CLOSE SHAVE, A.A., Nick Park, England.

• TOY STORY, first computer animated feature released and it takes in more money at the box office than any other film in 1995.

• BABE, combination of live and computer animated effects nominated for an Academy Award (check date)

• DreamWorks Feature Animation begins.

• John Whitney dies (191701995) experimental animator and pioneer computer animator

• Friz Freleng (1906-1995) dies

• Preston Blair dies, an animator who wrote the book "Animation" which is the classic book on how to animate. o Paul Julian, background artist and director at UPA and other studios

• Jerry Garcia dies at 53

• Aung San Suu Kyi , winner of the Nobel Peace Prize freed after 6 years house arrest.

1996 • QUEST, Tyron Montgomery, Thomas Stellmach, A.A., German.

• BEAVIS AND BUTTHEAD, now a feature is released and makes over 60 million.

• MARS ATTACKS, Tim Burton. During its production the Manchester studio Bare Bones spends 9 months animating stop-motion aliens for the film, only to be told that computer generated images (CGI) would be used instead.

• Shamus Culhane dies at 88, Max Fleischer once told him, "You know what your problem is Culhane? You're an artist!" Read his book "Talking Animals and other People" for a good view of early animation.

•Virgil Ross dies at 88, a master animator at Warners and other studios.

• The merger of Time Warner and Turner brings Warner Bros. Feature, TV, and Classic Animation, Hanna-Barbera, Cartoon Network, plus a couple of others under one roof.

• Taliban captures Kabul o Legal battle over freedom of speech on the Internet 1997

1997 • GERIÕS GAME, Jan Pinkava, US, AA

• KING OF THE HILL, the series, begins on Fox.

• Hayao Miyazaki’s PRINCESS MONONOKE released in Japan to become its biggest motion picture hit of all time, animated or live action.

• Pol Pot captured and sentenced to life in jail

• Seven cows, the first in Germany with "mad cow" disease, are destroyed.

• The film "The Full Monty" is released

1998 • BUNNY, Chris Wedge, US, AA

• THE PRINCE OF EGYPT, DreamWorks first animated feature is released.

• CELEBRITY DEATH MATCH began as a special, expanded into a series five months later.

• QUEST FOR CAMELOT (Warner)

• Mae Questel, 89, dies, an actress and voice talent, best known for doing the voice of Betty Boop and Olive Oyl.

• Global recession spreads, deepest since WWII in parts of the world

• The first TV stations in US begin broadcasting in high definition (HDTV)

1999 • THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA, Alexander Petrov, Various Countries, AA

• IRON GIANT, Directed by Brad Bird, based on the 1968 work by Poet Laureate Ted Hughes.

• SOUTH PARK: BIGGER, LONGER AND UNCUT is released

• THE PRINCESS MONONOKE released, Hayao Miyazaki, Director.

• TOY STORY 2 released, Disney/Pixar

• STUART LITTLE released, Columbia/Sony o Falun Gong outlawed in China

• Latin pop explosion with performers like Jennifer Lopez and R. Martin.

2000 • FATHER AND DAUGHTER, Michael Dudok de Wit. AA

• Marc Davis dies (1913-2000), born in Bakersfield, CA., he was one of the Nine Old Men from Disney. He was well known for doing female characters.

• Bill Hurtz dies at the age of 81. At a Screen Cartoonists Guild meeting in 1941, Bill made the motion to strike the Disney studio, his motion was unanimously approved. Received an A.A. nomination for UPAÕs Unicorn in the Garden, in 1953. He directed at the Jay Ward Studios 1959 to 1984.

2001 • William (Bill) Hanna (1911-2001) dies

• Bob Abel (1937-2001) dies. Bob was a pioneer in computer animation, especially in the 1970's commercials, through his company, Robert Abel and Associates.

• Faith Hubley dies at 77, she made 25 personal films, and won the academy award 3 times with husband John Hubley, she was a great friend of the UCLA workshop. Faith was a person who lived her life fully according to her belief, that the expression of art is the most ennobling experience of the human spirit. She expressed her art and her belief through her animation.

• Ray Patterson dies (1911-2001). Began as an inker in Mintz's studio in 1929. Worked at Disney, MGM, Hanna-Barbera.

• Sam Weiss dies, animator at UPA, Jay Ward and others.

• Lee Mishkin dies, animator, director.

• Jan Lenica dies at 73. Famed Polish animator.

• Attack on New York and the Pentagon on Sept. 11th

2002 • Nine feature animated films were rules eligible for the three nominations in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Science first ever Feature Length Animation category. They are: "Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within", "Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius", "Marco Polo, Return to Xanadu", "Monsters, Inc.", "Osmosis Jones", "Shrek", "The Trumpet of the Swan", "The Prince of Light", "Waking Life".

• "Shrek" from Dreamwork Feature animation won the first ever Oscar for animated feature they beat out Pixar/Disney's "Monsters Inc.

• Chuch Jones passes away in the spring of 2002

A brief pre-history collected by Dan McLaughlin

What is multimedia?

2007-10-15T10:17:00.000-07:00

Seamless integration of multiple media elements in to one’ is called multimedia
Where multimedia stands in IT?
The overall structure of Information Technology (IT) can be classified in to two sections, Logical sections and creative sections. A person who has good talents in logical thinking should not be good in creative thinking because it is the human nature. All types of software developments come under logical section where as multimedia come under creative side. 'Seamless integration of multiple media elements in to one’ is the standard definition of multimedia. It is a combination of Design, Text, graphics, animations, film, video, Games, Photography, Illustrations, Printing, Fashion designing, Architecture, Engineering, Editing, Advertisement, Entertainment, Simulation etc. Comparing to all other fields, multimedia has a very bright future. The scope and the employment opportunities offered by the multimedia are very vast. But a creative talent is necessary to survive in this field.

..............If you are a beginner and looking for a brightest future in multimedia, I will ready share you some valuable knowledge and advice about multimedia industry.